One of the oldest surgical instruments used even today is a Scalpel (Surgical Blade with a Bard Parker Handle). Long before using metals in manufacturing, parts from various flora and fauna were used in making incisions during surgeries.

Most patients have only one operation in their lives and to them, it is of great concern and a Solemn Occasion, though it is just another Appendix/Hernia/TKR to the Surgeon.  This article describes how a surgical patient is managed prior to a surgery.

Hernia is classically defined as a protrusion of the contents of a cavity through its walls.  It is a condition which occurs not only in the abdomen but also other regions of the body such as in the thorax and cranium.  

Hernia is a well known condition in humans since ancient times among which Inguinal hernia constituted the majority.

‘Hernia’, a word derived from Latin for ‘Rupture’, defined as the unusual protrusion of the contents of any cavity through a defect in its walls.

An Old Family with a New Disease.A virus which is known to cause diseases in mammals and birds ranging from the common cold to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

Murmur is a low, indistinct sound. In terms of medicine, it is the sound produced due to turbulent flow within the heart and great vessels.

Appendicitis is one of the common conditions presenting as Pain Abdomen to the Emergency Room. 

A procedure conducted in a pregnant woman leading to Birth of a fetus through incisions given over the Abdominal Wall and Uterus.

Apart from S1 & S2 in diseased conditions other sounds are heard such as: Changes in S1&2, Snaps, Clicks and Rubs.

Auscultation (to listen), a clinical procedure done on a daily basis as an aid in diagnosing many disorders, dates back centuries since the Egyptians.

The ear, along the evolution has modified structurally and functionally. In lower animals, they functioned as alarm systems which have evolved into a tool of communication.